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RENAL DATA FROM THE ASIA - AFRICA |
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| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 2 | Page : 368-371 |
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| Hematological profile of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in Iran, in pre-dialysis stages and after initiation of hemodialysis |
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Reza Afshar1, Suzan Sanavi1, Javad Salimi2, Mahnaz Ahmadzadeh1
1 Nephrology Department, Shahed University, Mustafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
2 Vascular Surgery Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Web Publication | 9-Mar-2010 |
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 Abstract | | |
Anemia is a common sequealae of chronic kidney disease (CKD), associated with significant morbidity. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 CKD patients (54 hemodialyzed, 46 pre-dialyzed). Data including, complete blood count, BUN, creatinine, creatinine clearance, underlying diseases and hemodialysis duration were collected by a questionnaire. The most frequent morphologic features were normochromic-normocytic (80%), hypochromic-microcytic (15%) and macrocytic (5%). The frequency of anemia in hemodialyzed and pre-dialyzed patients (with mean Hgb level of 10.27 and 11.11 g/dL) were 85% and 75%. Hemoglobin concentration was positively correlated to calculated creatinine clearance (P < 0.001). The severity of anemia among hemodialyzed patients was mild (Hgb > 10 g/dL) in 5%, moderate in 70% and severe (Hgb < 7 g/dL) in 25%, while in pre-dialyzed was mild in 45% and moderate in 55%. There was no correlation between the anemia and CKD causes or hemodialysis duration. In conclusion, data shows that anemia in our patients with CKD is a predominant manifestation, with high frequency but of moderate degree. The most likely cause is inadequate erythropoietin production.
How to cite this article:
Afshar R, Sanavi S, Salimi J, Ahmadzadeh M. Hematological profile of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in Iran, in pre-dialysis stages and after initiation of hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010;21:368-71 |
How to cite this URL:
Afshar R, Sanavi S, Salimi J, Ahmadzadeh M. Hematological profile of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in Iran, in pre-dialysis stages and after initiation of hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Aug 9];21:368-71. Available from: https://www.sjkdt.org/text.asp?2010/21/2/368/60217 |
| Introduction | |  |
The anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disorder determined by a variety of factors. Although, the primary defect is decreased erythropoiesis due to inadequate erythropoietin (EPO) production from the kidneys, a number of other factors may play contributory roles, for example: iron, B12 and folate deficiency due to nutritional insufficiency or increased blood loss, [1],[2],[3] shortened red blood cells survival, [4] hyperparathyroidism, mild chronic inflammation and aluminum toxicity. [5],[6],[7] Untreated prolonged anemia leads to a number of physiologic disorders, including: cardiovascular complications and increased mortality and morbidity. [8] According to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and 2006 NKF-K/DOQI guidelines, chronic kidney disease has been divided into 5 stages. [9] Anemia usually appears at GFR below 60 mL/min or at stage. [3],[10],[11],[12]
Renal insufficiency is also associated with bleeding tendency attributed to platelet dysfunction due to abnormal platelet aggregation and adhesiveness. [13],[14] White blood cells count may be decreased in uremic patients and anemia correction is followed with an increase in natural killer cells and improvement of leukocyte phagocytic function. [15],[1]
This study was conducted to determine the hematologic profile of CKD patients and compares the hemodialyzed and pre-dialyzed patients.
| Methods | | |
This cross-sectional study was designed at the Mustafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran over 1 year. The study population consisted of 100 CKD patients (54 hemodialyzed patients undergoing conventional maintenance hemodialysis and 46 pre-dialyzed patients).
Inclusion criteria:
- Patients providing informed consent.
- Patients with documented chronic kidney disease.
Exclusion criteria were consisting:
- Acute or chronic inflammatory disease.
- Malignancy or known hematological disorder.
- Recent severe hemorrhagic episode.
Data including: age, gender, body weight, CKD causes, hemodialysis duration, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum BUN and creatinine were collected in a questionnaire. Estimated creatinine clearance or GFR was calculated by using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, for pre-dialyzed patients:
All data analyses were carried out using the SPSS, v. 16. The Chi-square and t-tests were used in statistical analysis. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
| Results | | |
Out of 100 CKD patients [54 hemodialyzed and 46 pre-dialyzed (stage2, stage3 and stage4 in 10%, 35% and 55% of cases)], 55% were male and 45% were female. The mean age of hemodialysis group (HDG) and pre-dialyzed group were: 57 ± 15 and 60 ± 16 yrs, respectively. The mean duration of hemodialysis was 31 ± 2 months. Out of 54 HDG patients, 90.7% (n=49) received 50U/kg of recombinant erythropoietin, 3 times per week subcutaneously, compared to only 18.5% of pre-dialyzed patients who received erythropoietin. About half of the patients in each group had anemic symptoms. The most frequent causes of CKD were diabetes mellitus (49.1%), hypertension (28.3%), glomerular disease (17.1%) and polycystic kidney disease (5.6%) [Figure 1]. According to 2006 NKF-K/DOQI guidelines for CKD anemia [hemoglobin (Hgb) level < 13.5 in males and below 12 g/dL in females] 85% of HDG (mean Hgb level = 10.27 ± 1.8 g/dL) and 75% of pre-dialyzed patients (mean Hgb level = 11.11 ± 2.26 g/dL) had anemia.
The morphologic feature of anemia consisted of: normochromic-normocytic (80%), hypochromic-microcytic (15%) and macrocytic anemia (5%) [Figure 2]. Macrocytosis in hemodialyzed patients was seen slightly more than predialyzed (5.9 vs. 4.8%). A significant difference between hemoglobin - hematocrit levels in hemodialyzed and pre-dialyzed patients was found (P< 0.001). Hemoglobin concentration was positively correlated to estimated creatinine clearance (P< 0.001). The severity of anemia among HDG patients was: mild (Hgb > 10 g/dL) in 5%, moderate (Hgb = 7-10 g/dL) in 70% and severe (Hgb < 7 g/dL) in 25%, while in predialyzed was: mild in 45% and moderate in 55%. There was no correlation between the anemia and CKD causes or hemodialysis duration (P> 0.05). The platelets and white cells count were within normal limits (except mild thrombocytosis in 5% of hemodialyzed patients). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) did not correlate to anemia (P= 0.07), despite being elevated in 48% of patients.
| Discussion | | |
This study, like others, revealed presence of moderate degree of anemia in pre-dialyzed and hemodialyzed patients. [16] In progressive renal insufficiency, the degree of anemia is in general, proportional to the severity of azotemia. [17] We also found a positive correlation between creatinine clearance and hemoglobin concentration in pre-dialyzed patients. [18] However, among CKD patients, the correlation of hematocrit with GFR or serum creatinine is imprecise and some studies did not find such correlation. [16] The lower GFR or EPO production, greater loss of hematopoietic nutrient elements and inflammation due to dialytic membrane [19] can lead to lower mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in hemodialysis patients. In our study, the most frequent morphologic feature of anemia was normochromic-normocytic followed by hypochromic-microcytic anemia. The latter anemia has different causes, but the most common is iron deficiency particularly due to decreases iron intake or iron loss. [20] With early recognition and treatment of anemia, prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among CKD patients, has decreased notably. [16] In comparison to other studies, [21] the frequency of hypochromic-microcytic anemia in our study is not very high. Macrocytosis in the HDG was seen slightly more than pre-dialyzed patients suggesting loss of water soluble B12 and folate during hemodialysis. No correlation was found between the ESR and anemia of CKD and microcytosis was not associated with low ESR.[22] A raised ESR in about half of the patients may be due to the presence of low grade chronic inflammation in CKD, especially in hemodialyzed patients.[19] Mild thrombocytosis was seen in 5% of hemodialyzed patients indicating presence of simultaneous iron deficiency[23] or mild inflammation status (as an acute phase reaction).
In conclusion, anemia as a hallmark of chronic kidney disease, is mostly normochromicnormocytic and moderate in degree in proportion to impaired renal function in CKD patients. Hemodialysis patients are more anemic compared to pre dialysis group. Further evaluation of iron and water soluble vitamins in CKD patients will help in establishing the true cause of anemia in this population.
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Correspondence Address:
Suzan Sanavi
Nephrology Department Mustafa Khomeini Hospital, Italia St, Tehran 1416645185
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
PMID: 20228535 
[Figure 1], [Figure 2] |
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